Surveying

Classification and principles of surveying; surveying accessories; introduction to compass, levelling and plane table surveying; Linear distances: approximate and direct methods; chains, tapes, ranging, tape corrections; Prismatic compass: bearings, included angles; Local attraction, magnetic declination and dip; WCB and QB systems of locating bearings

Levelling: types of levels, methods and determination of levels; effect of curvature and refraction; Contouring: characteristics and uses of contours, methods of contour surveying; Areas: determination of areas with irregular and regular boundaries; Volumes: earthwork in cutting and embankments for level section, capacity of reservoirs

Types of theodolites and temporary adjustments; Measurement of horizontal angle by repetition and reiteration methods; vertical angle measurement; Trigonometrical levelling when base is accessible and inaccessible; Traversing: methods, traverse computations and adjustments, omitted measurements

Types of curves and their necessity; elements of simple, compound and reverse curves; Introduction to tacheometric surveying; EDM instruments; total station - advantages and applications; Introduction to Global Positioning System, drone survey and LiDAR survey

Basic concepts; perspective geometry of an aerial photograph; relief and tilt displacements; Terrestrial photogrammetry; flight planning; stereoscopy; Ground control extension: aerial triangulation, radial triangulation; Photographic mapping: paper prints, stereo-plotting instruments, mosaics, map substitutes